AZMAN, Zainal; SUPRIADI; HELANDRI, Joni. Reform And Westernization During The Ottoman Empire. El-Ghiroh : Jurnal Studi Keislaman, [S. l.], v. 24, n. 1, p. 83–98, 2026. DOI: 10.37092/el-ghiroh.v24i1.1529. Disponível em: https://jurnal.staibsllg.ac.id/index.php/el-ghiroh/article/view/1529. Acesso em: 24 sep. 2026.